Song Lyrics free essay sample

Too Short (feat. Ice Cube) (1996) and Pitch Ass Inning by Dry. Drew (feat. Snoop Dog, Whitman Six-Two) (2001 explains how women are gendered as sexualities objects that are disposed after use, and racialists the Importance of mens hegemonic masculinity. In this paper I will compare and contrast how women are described as sexual, disposable trash, and men as cowards from the word pitch. The concept of Pitch is how a person (not necessarily a woman) is thoroughly disliked.In the first song by Too Short the first erase, She wont complain about sit because, shes my hoe which he refers to women will not complain. Women will do whatever Too Short tells her. Women belong to him because he owns them. The song makes people think that all women are sluts that sleep around. The rappers have perceived biological differences because women are viewed to be sexual disposable objects. We will write a custom essay sample on Song Lyrics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rappers believe and norms require women to cook, clean, and serve men no matter what mistakes men makes or abuse that women are going through. Rap music has depicted women as sex objects. The music industries are advertising women as sex appeal symbols. Women are put on display Like pieces of commodities or merchandise. The only variance is that the sexually-oriented depictions of women in advertising and media have contemptibly become more open now than before. It Is a notorious fact that sex sells. The more nudity or sexual reference depicted, the greater the sales generated in an exploitative and profit- driven music industry.The second verse duet by Ice Cube, See, he quick to grab a pitch by the throat and slam her ass, cram her ass, with a fat dick Cause shes a trick pitch. A trick pitch is a female in general. These are the types of behavior men desire. Women, who are sleeping around that men considered trash is normal to her. However, men are showing off their masculinity and manhood to keep their status among their friends by putting women down. Rap music is reaching more people than any other genre therefore the messages and images embedded within rap music are reaching more people than ever before.With such a large audience women think this type of behavior is normal to them. The domestic violence industry ignores women that are beaten by their partners. The media gets points and praise from people of mainstream hip-hop norms. Often, the appeal of commentary on hip- pop comes from rapper showing off their masculinity. Rap music stereotypes young women dressed like prostitutes in the rap videos showing off their ass, breasts, to Impress, which appeals the man. In contrast, men who beat and physically abuse women, you are called a pitch.If men are brave enough to express themselves In a rational and masculine way, you are called a pitch for that. And finally If men dont stand up for themselves and letting a woman walk all over you and disrespect you, you can be accused of being a pitch. The social norm is that rappers tend to dislike any feminine behaviors (positive r negative) In men. In this second song it talks about masculinity. If you act Like a pitch (enigma) enigma you get smacked like a pitch What the rappers are saying is that females are perceived as weak.Men dont want to be perceived as female because it (Masculinity= strength, not weakness) Weakness irritates men, particularly if its seen in other men. Because pitch behavior is perceived as female, and men arena supposed to act like females. Feminism has made it that a variety of masculine characteristics are now perceived more favorably. We see a man crying, we assume hes gay or seriously messed up. Because of the standards of hegemonic masculinity men have little sympathy. In the second song, Must we break you down to estrogen most hated specimens a pitch enigma! This song equates heterosexual stereotyping masculinity. Males typically want to show their peers that they are better than them, as this shows that they are more dominant. The artist contrasts their own masculinity with men they view as non-masculine who are inferior. The criticism is on how men talk, whining and complaining like some women do. Throughout the songs, the insults and boasts about physical size, strength, and heterosexuality. The constant efforts to compete and one up the other are characteristics traits of masculinity.More importantly, through observing these two songs, we can get a better understanding of what men in general believe. This is true because most males believe similar traits are masculine. Also, their messages of masculinity will be absorbed by their listeners, and in turn their listeners will develop the same beliefs about masculinity as are portrayed in the songs. Thus, by listening to these songs we gain insight as to how a large portion of our society views masculinity. Anti Nothing But A Word To Me (feat. Ice Cube) [Too Short]Now take my pitch She wont complain about sit Because, shes my hoe She dont belong to a trick So when you buck her, and give her all your cash I get paid, or put my foot in her ass I wont marry the pitch, and give her half I get more head, and then I laugh, at the one pitch sit I got a gang of hoes [Ice Cube] Now stupid little pitches get tossed If they dont realize Im the mouthwatering boss Come on down and get your ass pinched And if you talk sit, get your ass lynched Cause Im the B the I the T the C the H The K the I the L the L the A Ice Cube, a enigma thats Biggs than a nut Cause a pitch is a pitch is a hoe is a slutYou say how can I call a women a pitch? It anti nothing but a word like sit Anti no slipping in my mouthwatering pimping And all pitches anti women You come home and get smooth cussed out You goat a pitch with a foul ass mouth Scared to trip her with a left hook Woozy a pitch in my book Pitch My enigma Jinx made the mix So punk ass mouthwatering pitches get the 86 I keep hoes on five (yeah pitch) Cause Im bucking more puss than the law allow With my boy Too Short See, he quick to grab a pitch by the throat And slam her ass, cram her ass, with a fat dick Cause shes a trick pitch I like fat pitches, and I like me slimIll take a fat pitch, and stick my dick right in, her big fat ass Shell make me UCM again Im Mack daddy pitch, buck her friend I saw your homelier, she said whats up with us I said nothing, bucked her on a tour bus She got it good too, ticked down on the floor The pitch was fine, but the puss anti good as yours She a strag gler, struggler, straight slalom smuggler Overtime I see the pitch, shes looking uglier And if you got a trick ass on your left Last night she sucked my dick, now shes kissing little man Wont even suck my dick, unless cut out the middle man And if you have never heard of me Woozy a pitchIt anti but a word to me [Female voice:] Ill stop calling yea, Botchy [echo] Man Buck these hoes man, yea know (nappy ass pitch ass tramp ass sluts ass hoe) I go hard on a pitch, buck respect for yea men I get my way with a pitch, when I act like a pimp Always carrying bank, but I fooled the pitch Cause all she ever got was to drupe on my dick Ice Cube will slap a hoe for the buck of it Just like me and thats some real sit Pitch got bold with her loud ass mouth Tough ass pitch got knocked out You know a pitch anti nothing but a word to me Some of you punks are Just scared to see If you could call that pitch a pitch you wouldAnd if you cant, you probably should Im spitting game to you mark ass lames O n how how to get pitch and treat the pitch like sit You cant buy love, all pimps know that Its all about the way old Short Dog Macks Dont hold the pitch hand or walk side by side Go first class overtime you fly Shell go Greyhound, and Just meet you there Im Just an ice cold hard ass Oakland player You want to tongue kiss pitch, it figures I introduce you to my homeboy Richard Also known by his nickname Dick Now lets tongue kiss pitch I like big butts so let it be known to the public Im only out for one thing so hate meI anti the one so dont try to fade me I dont wear too much gold because its tacky I bust a Raider hat T-shirt and Khakis See a lot of hoes in freaky clothes everyday So I talk to me in any 01 can I way See a pitch need a enigma to coach me So I grab my dick and smoothly approach me I say hi and Im really kind of pitched If they ignore me then I say You freak pitch Give up the number hardly, well have a slumber party You see Ill buck you to death and then Ill dump the b ody Cause Im a enigma thats Biggs than crew or a gang And when it comes to pitches Im out for only one than You pitch anti nothing but a word to me, Short Pitch Ass Inning (feat. Snoop Dog, Whitman Six-Two) [Drew] Some good-ass weed! Snoop Dog] Check it out Dog; this game is a monotheistic trip man Word on the streets Everybody always trying to run up on me hollering about word on the street is disc enigma said disc.. Man I dont give a BUCK about what that enigma said man! Thats whats wrong with you inning, you inning is Just like pitches Hoe-ass inning, talk too monotheistic much (speak) Study your own, get your own Hyannis? Be independent enigma BOTCH! [Drew] Yeah [Snoop] Pitch inning (pitch inning).. Pitch inning (pitch inning).. Ditch-ass inning (botch).. Both] PITCH INNING (pitch noting). . [Snoop] Yeah Im talking about you (botch).. [Drew] Pitch inning [Snoop] and you too (botch).. Hem.. Dog..I meet MO pitch inning than hoes look here And I really dont know, but thats Just how it go (damn) Dog so many inning like to keep up sit they blast me in the back (aka-aka-aka-aka-aka) Inning stay strapped from way back, cause payback.. al make inning want pop that sit If you anti ready for the game (uh-uh) enigma stop that sit We rock that sit, my enigma Drew, drop that sit (right) No MO talking, Im walking and Im popping the clip Clock on the hip, set-tripping dipping an sit If you act like a pitch (enigma) enigma you get smacked like a pitch [Snoop] Pitch inning, pitch inning (pitch inning) [Dry. Drew] These inning dont know what the buck is going on You Dog, check it kick back Let me holly at these inning for a minute.. Straight off the streets of chaos and no pity The aggravated, making these punk mufflers hate it COMPTON is the city Im from Cant never leave the crib without a murder wee-upon Huh, I cant live my life on broke no MO And most of these fools anti sit but cutthroats They smile in a enigma face and for what? They got the game bucked up, and want my than bucked up I done learned a lot, seen a whole lot The top notch enigma, Im fiend for that spot Now peep game on what Six-Deuce told me [SIX-TWO] These inning after you paper, Dry. D. R. E. (what? ) And these punk-ass hoes is looking for dough You goat watch your homeboys, cause a enigma never know Oh, theyll be around, but when you paper get low Just like Master P said, There Dye Go, There Day Go Pitch inning uh-huh [Dry.Drew cuts and scratches] attention all personnel stop schemas, and looking hard [Audio Two] stop schemas, and.. An, and. . An-an, and.. And looking hard Pitch enigma, a pitch enigma Pitch enigma, HELL pitch enigma House a pitch enigma, motherhoods pitch enigma A pitch enigma.. A pitch enigma [Whitman] my dick be stuck up in you windpipe! Hem, youd rather blow me than fight, Im from the OLD SCHOOL like Romeo Rome homey you, you owe me the right to slap you, like the pitch that you are, that wanted to cap you every since you was mad dogging me with that pitch in you car Fool [singing] Who do you think you are? Mr.. Big Stuff Man, you sit on Hit, get you sit bust; plus pistol-whipped, cover it up use you bitchs blush Mr.. Song Lyrics free essay sample In the first song by Too Short the first verse, â€Å"She wont complain about shit because, shes my hoe† which he refers to women will not complain. Women will do whatever Too Short tells her. Women belong to him because he owns them. The song makes people think that all women are sluts that sleep around. The rappers have perceived biological differences because women are viewed to be sexual disposable objects. Rappers believe and norms require women to cook, clean, and serve men no matter what mistakes men makes or abuse that women are going through. Rap music has depicted women as sex objects. The music industries are advertising women as sex appeal symbols. Women are put on display like pieces of commodities or merchandise. The only variance is that the sexually-oriented depictions of women in advertising and media have contemptibly become more open now than before. It is a notorious fact that sex sells. We will write a custom essay sample on Song Lyrics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The more nudity or sexual reference depicted, the greater the sales generated in an exploitative and profit-driven music industry. The second verse duet by Ice Cube, â€Å"See, he quick to grab a bitch by the throat and slam her ass, cram her ass, with a fat dick Cause shes a trick bitch. A trick bitch is a female in general. These are the types of behavior men desire. Women, who are sleeping around that men considered trash is normal to her. However, men are showing off their masculinity and manhood to keep their status among their friends by putting women down. Rap music is reaching more people than any other genre therefore the messages and images imbedded within rap music are reaching more people than ever before. With such a large audience women think this type of behavior is normal to them. The domestic violence industry ignores women that are beaten by their partners. The media gets points and praise from people of mainstream hip-hop norms. Often, the appeal of commentary on hip-hop comes from rapper showing off their masculinity. Rap music stereotypes young women dressed like prostitutes in the rap videos showing off their ass, breasts, to impress, which appeals the man. In contrast, men who beat and physically abuse women, you are called a bitch. If men are brave enough to express themselves in a rational and masculine way, you are called a bitch for that. And finally if men dont stand up for themselves and letting a woman walk all over you and disrespect you, you can be accused of being a bitch. The social norm is that rappers tend to dislike any feminine behaviors (positive or negative) in men. In this second song it talks about masculinity. â€Å"If you act like a bitch (nigga) nigga you get smacked like a bitch† What the rappers are saying is that females are perceived as weak. Men dont want to be perceived as female because it threatens their masculinity. (Masculinity= strength, not weakness) Weakness irritates men, particularly if its seen in other men. Because â€Å"bitch† behavior is perceived as female, and men arent supposed to act like females. Feminism has made it that a variety of masculine characteristics are now perceived more favorably. We see a man crying, we assume hes gay or seriously messed up. Because of the standards of hegemonic masculinity men have little sympathy. In the second song, â€Å"Must we break you down to estrogen most hated specimens a bitch nigga! † This song equates heterosexual stereotyping masculinity. † Males typically want to show their peers that they are better than them, as this shows that they are more dominant. The artist contrasts their own masculinity with men they view as non-masculine who are inferior. The criticism is on how men talk, whining and complaining like some women do. Throughout the songs, the insults and boasts about physical size, strength, and heterosexuality. The constant efforts to compete and one up the other are characteristics traits of masculinity. More importantly, through observing these two songs, we can get a better understanding of what men in general believe. This is true because most males believe similar traits are masculine. Also, their messages of masculinity will be absorbed by their listeners, and in turn their listeners will develop the same beliefs about masculinity as are portrayed in the songs. Thus, by listening to these songs we gain insight as to how a large portion of our society views masculinity. Aint Nothin But A Word To Me (feat. Ice Cube) [Too $hort] Now take my bitch She wont complain about shit Becuase, shes my hoe She dont belong to a trick So when you fuck her, and give her all your cash I get paid, or put my foot in her ass I wont marry the bitch, and give her half I get more head, and then I laugh, at the one bitch shit I got a gang of hoes I get, freak, ass, lick, these balls and toes [Ice Cube] Now stupid little bitches get tossed If they dont realize Im the motherfucking boss Come on down and get your ass pinched And if you talk shit, get your ass lynched Cause Im the B the I the T the C the H The K the I the L the L the A Ice Cube, a nigga thats bigga than a nut Cause a bitch is a bitch is a hoe is a slut [Too $hort] You say how can I call a women a bitch? It aint nothing but a word like shit Aint no slippin in my motherfucking pimping And all bitches aint women You come home and get smooth cussed out You gotta a bitch with a foul ass mouth Scared to tripp her with a left hook Youz a bitch in my book Bitch [Ice Cube] My nigga Jinx made the mix So punk ass motherfucking bitches get the 86 I keep hoes on five (yeah bitch) Cause Im fucking more pussy than the law allow With my boy Too $hort See, he quick to grab a bitch by the throat And slam her ass, cram her ass, with a fat dick Cause shes a trick bitch [Too $hort] I like fat bitches, and I like em slim Ill take a fat bitch, and stick my dick right in, her big fat ass Shell make me cum again Im mack daddy bitch, fuck her friend I saw your homegirl, she said whats up with us I said nothing, fucked her on a tour bus She got it good too, dicked down on the floor The bitch was fine, but the pussy aint good as yours [Ice Cube] She a straggler, struggler, straight salome smuggler Everytime I see the bitch, shes looking uglier And if you got a trick ass on your left Sitting there with dick on her breath Last night she sucked my dick, now shes kissing little man Wont even suck my dick, unless cut out the middle man And if you have never heard of me Youz a bitch It aint but a word to me [Female voice:] Ill stop calling ya, Beyotch [echo] [Too $hort] Man Fuck these hoes man, ya know (nappy ass bitch ass tramp ass sluty ass hoe) [Female voice:] Ill stop calling ya, Beyotch [echo] [Too $hort] I go hard on a bitch, fuck respect for ya men I get my way with a bitch, when I act like a pimp Always carrying bank, but I fooled the bitch Cause all she ever got was to druel on my dick Ice Cube will slap a hoe for the fuck of it Just like me and thats some real shit Bitch got bold with her loud ass mouth Tough ass bitch got knocked out You know a bitch aint nuthin but a word to me Some of you punks are just scared to see If you could call that bitch a bitch you would And if you cant, you probably should Im spitting game to you mark ass lames On how how to get a bitch and treat the bitch like shit You cant buy love, all pimps know that Its all about the way old Short Dogg macks Dont hold the bitch hand or walk side by side Go first class everytime you fly Shell go Greyhound, and just meet you there Im just an ice cold hard ass Oakland player You want to tongue kiss bitch, it figures I introduce you to my homeboy Richard Also known by his nickname Dick Now lets tongue kiss bitch [Ice Cube] I like big butts so let it be known to the public I bust a rap or two and the bitches love it Im only out for one thing so hate me I aint the one so dont try to fade me I dont wear too much gold because its tacky I bust a Raider hat T-Shirt and Khakis See a lot of hoes in freaky clothes everyday So I talk to em in any ol can I way See a bitch need a nigga to coach em So I grab my dick and smoothly approach em I say hi and Im really kind of pitched If they ignore me then I say Yo freak bitch Give up the number hardly, well have a slumber party You see Ill fuck you to death and then Ill dump the body Cause Im a nigga thats bigga than crew or a gang And when it comes to bitches Im out for only one thang Yo bitch aint nothing but a word to me, $hort Bitch Ass Niggaz (feat. Snoop Dogg, Hitman Six-Two) [Dre] Some good-ass weed! [Snoop Dogg] Check it out Dogg; this game is a motherfuckin trip man Word on the streets Everybody always tryin to run up on me hollerin about word on the street is dis nigga said dis.. Man I dont give a FUCK about what that nigga said man! Thats whats wrong with you niggaz, you niggaz is just like bitches Hoe-ass niggaz, talk too motherfuckin much (speak) Study your own, get your own yahmsayin? Be independent nigga BEOTCH! [Dre] Yeah Snoop] Bitch niggaz (bitch niggaz).. Bitch niggaz (bitch niggaz).. Bitch-ass niggaz (beotch).. [both] BITCH NIGGAZ (bitch niggaz).. [Snoop] Yeah Im talkin about you (beotch).. [Dre] Bitch niggaz [Snoop] and you too (beotch).. [Snoop Dogg] Hmm.. Dogg.. I meet mo bitch niggaz than hoes look here And I really dont know, but thats just how it go (damn) Dogg so many niggaz like to keep up shit And just like a bitch (beotch) niggaz be talkin shit (nigga) Smilin in my face and then they blast me in the back (ka-ka-ka-ka-ka) Niggaz stay strapped from way back, cause payback.. ll make niggaz wanna pop that shit If you aint ready for the game (uh-uh) nigga stop that shit We rock that shit, my nigga Dre, drop that shit (right) No mo talkin, Im walkin and Im poppin the clip Glock on the hip, set-trippin dippin an shit If you act like a bitch (nigga) nigga you get smacked like a bitch [Snoop] Bitch niggaz, bitch niggaz (bitch niggaz) [Dr. Dre] These niggaz dont know what the fuck is goin on Yo Dogg, check it kick back Let me holla at these niggaz for a minute.. Straight off the streets of chaos and no pity The aggravated, makin these punk muhfuckers hate it COMPTON is the city Im from Caint never leave the crib without a murder wea-pon Huh, I caint live my life on broke no mo And most of these fools aint shit but cutthroats They smile in a nigga face and for what? They got the game fucked up, and want my thang fucked up I done learned a lot, seen a whole lot The top notch nigga, Im fiendin for that spot Now peep game on what Six-Deuce told me [Six-Two] These niggaz after yo paper, Dr. D. R. E. (what? ) And these punk-ass hoes is lookin for dough You gotta watch your homeboys, cause a nigga never know Oh, theyll be around, but when yo paper get low Just like Master P said, There Dey Go, There Day Go Bitch niggaz uh-huh [Dr. Dre cuts and scratches] attention all personnel stop scheamin, and lookin hard [Audio Two] stop scheamin, and.. an, and.. an-an, and.. and lookin hard [Dr. Dre] Bitch nigga, a bitch nigga Bitch nigga, HELLA bitch nigga Youse a bitch nigga, motherfucker bitch nigga A bitch nigga.. a bitch nigga [Hitman] I know yo type, so much bitch in you, if it was slightly darker lights was little dimmer my dick be stuck up in yo windpipe! Hmm, youd rather blow me than fight, Im from the OLD SCHOOL like Romey Rome homey yo, you owe me the right to slap you, like the bitch that you are, that wanted to cap you every since you was mad doggin me with that bitch in yo car Fool [singing] Who do you think you are? Mr. Big Stuff Man, you shit on Hit, get yo shit bust; plus pistol-whipped, cover it up use yo bitchs blush Mr. Powder Puff yo, bark aint loud enough, huh I know chihuahuas thats mo rah-rah, HA HA I have to laugh Dre, I bet he take bubble baths You dont want no trouble with the Aftermath staff, trust me Doggy Dogg, Diggy Doctor plus me No youse a busta slash hussy, soft as a Hush Puppy Must we break you down to estrogen most hated specimens a bitch nigga! [Dr. Dre cuts and scratches] attention all personnel stop scheamin, and lookin hard [Audio Two] stop.. stop.. stop scheamin, and lookin hard .. op-stop.. ah-op-op-stop-sch-sch-scheamin, and lookin hard stop scheamin.. an-an.. an-an.. an-and lookin hard stop scheamin, and lookin hard stop skee-scheamin, and lookin hard stop scheamin, and.. and.. and.. stop scheamin, and lookin hard

The President Essays - Heads Of State, Titles, Free Essays

The President Essays - Heads Of State, Titles, Free Essays The President Article II of the US Constitution grants the president numerous powers and responsibilities, but the the authority granted to the modern presidency far exceeds the constitutional definition of office. And through the years, a variety of presidential roles have evolved that were not originally or specifically outlined in the Article. Some of these roles were legislated by congress, the courts granted some, and powerful presidents assumed others. The president?s first role is as chief executive, the head of the executive branch and most of its workers. He is responsible for the ethics, loyalty, efficiency, and responsiveness of the federal government and its employees. The evolution of the chief executive?s primary role provides a useful example of how the presidential power has developed through the years. At the outset, the Constitution granted the chief executive the power to appoint all officials in the executive branch, but after George Washington?s term. Custom gave the chief executive power to remove appointees. Finally, legislation granted him the power to reorganize agencies and to prepare the budgets. In the role of chief of state, the president acts as a ceremonial head of the federal government. This is an extremely important role, for in this capacity, the president must greet distinguished visitors, bestow medals, and host state dinners. The impression he gives others while performing these duties can help him gain support, lift his reputation, and help towards reelection. President William Howard Taft once said the president must act as ?the personal embodiment and representative of the dignity and majesty? of the people, the government, and the laws of the United States. The president also serves as commander in chief of the nation?s armed forces, which makes him ultimately responsible for the nation?s defense. He appoints and removes generals, makes key military decisions (such as when and where to wage war), and negotiates armistice terms. During wartime emergencies, the president is also entitled to restrict civil liberties, to exert greater control over the economy, to seize industries, to fix wages and prices, and to settle labor disputes. Finally the commander in chief alone decides when and if the nation will use its atomic weapons. This role is extremely important because in acting out his decisions, the president is deciding the future of the nation, and we the people are putting extreme powers in the hands of one man. Though he is influenced by his associates and generals about the proper actions in times of political crisis, the last decision is up to the president. People who are not supporters of the president or his decisions te! nd to panic in times of war, and thus it is extremely important that the president makes the impression to the nation as a competent and capable man who one can have faith in. Another extremely important role that the president takes on is that of the nation?s chief diplomat. Although the Constitution attempted to divide diplomatic affairs between the president and congress, these affairs have become primarily a presidential responsibility. He negotiates treaties and executive agreements, manages foreign alliances, recognizes new governments, appoints and supervises diplomatic personnel, and receives foreign ambassadors. The Constitution accords the president the power to veto congressional bills and recommend legislation to congress. This means that if the president disapproves of a bill (this usually happens when a bill contradicts the president?s political group or personal beliefs), he can respond with a ?message veto? and return the bill to Congress with a message stating the reasons he has for not signing it. This helps Congress ?edit? the bill in such a way that the president will pass it, though many times it looks completely different than the original bill that they began with. If Congress is about to adjourn, the president can also respond with a ?pocket veto? and refuse to sign the bill within ten days. If Congress adjourns within that time, the bill will not become law. In modern times, the president also has a responsibility to the legislature: he must annually address Congress on the state of the Union. The roles of chief executive, chief of state, commander in chief, chief diplomat, and a key legislator originated in the Constitution. But over

An investigation of mediating effects on the core-self evaluation and Assignment

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Carbon fiber & glass fiber research (formula student car body) - Coursework Example Though the ribbons are primarily parallel on the surfaces of a carbon fiber, the inner layers of the fiber fold during a "hairpin† fashion. This is quite distinct to graphite in which the carbon sheets remain parallel. The great strength of carbon fiber is attributed to the interlocking and folding of ribbons (Mahrez, Mohamed & Katman, 2005). This means that the carbon atom sheets cannot slide past one another as in graphite. Carbon fibers are produced through controlled pyrolysis of organic precursors. Through the heat treatment of the precursor oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen are removed and carbon fibers remain. Mechanical properties of carbon fibers are enhanced by increasing the orientation and crystallinity, and through reducing defects within the fiber (Moran, 2004). The most effective way to achieve this is to start out with a highly oriented precursor and then maintaining the high orientation in the stabilization and carbonization through tension. The two main applications of carbon fibers are in specialized technologies, that include nuclear engineering and aerospace and normal engineering which embrace engineering elements like bearings, gears, fan blades, cams and automobiles (Oribi Manufacturing, 2011). There are new applications of carbon fibers like rehabilitation of a bridge in building and construction, decoration in aviation interiors, musical instruments and automotive and also after-market transportation merchandise (Oribi Manufacturing, 2011). The conductivity of carbon provides extra new application in electronic industry. The table below illustrates a number of characteristics and applications of carbon fibers. Glass fiber is a flexible glass material. The basic building block of glass fiber is a mixture of silica sand and other ingredients like borates. Glass fiber in fabric gives the best combination of properties like high strength and fire resistance. Its

Babybot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Babybot - Essay Example Accurate hand movements are vital for packaging and assembly positions (Thomas et al. 2014). To determine the relationship between employees’ scores on the manual dexterity test and their performance ratings, we take employees’ scores on manual dexterity test as x and performance rating as y. then we will determine slope M using the equation This implies that for every one unit of employee’s performance rate, there is 1.25 units of employees score on manual dexterity test. This means that increase in employees score on manual dexterity test by one unit implies that the performance rate increases by 1.25 units. If we assume that candidates with scores above 43 on the manual dexterity test were hired, this means that these candidates have a predicted performance 85. Looking at the sex issue, we see that the number of males hired is seven (7) and the number of females hired is 13, all of them above the cutoff of 43. Similarly, on race six (6) Hispanics, eight (8) whites and six (6) blacks were hired. Calculating in terms of percentages indicates that 81.25% females and 50% males were employed. The percentage of Spanish employed is 66.67%, blacks and whites hired were 66.67% and 81.25% respectively. Thus, the use of this test has adverse effects on sex in that the number of females hired was higher than the numbers of males hired. The use of this test discriminated males and favored females. Out of the total number of Hispanic candidates six of them were hired translating to 66.67%. 6/10 blacks were hire which is equivalent to 60%. 8/11 whites hired which is 72.73%. Therefore, the use of this test led to the employment of more whites than Hispanics and blacks. In view of the validity of the results, I would recommend the use of this kind of test because it is quick, easy to use and economical to administer measure of manual dexterity. Sub tests require no scoring keys and are quick to

Social Work Theories Analysis

Social Work Theories Analysis Introduction Social work brings about social change. It addresses complex relationships between humans and the environment. Social work involves analyzing human problems and addresses issues to resolve injustice, discrimination, and dysfunction. Thus, according to International Federation of Social Workers (2000 qt. Ramsay 2003), the social work profession can be defined as a profession that â€Å"promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships, and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. Using theories of human behavior and social systems, social work intervenes at the points where people interact with their environments. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work.† Social work profession is based on the fundamental interrelation of a system of values, theory and practice. Although over the years, the definition of social work has undergone tremendous transformation. Nevertheless, the essence of its humanitarian and democratic ideals of social work through the centuries has remained the same. Today, social work has a global context and professionals follow national and international code of ethics that make the scope of their work more complex and challenging. Moreover, social work professionals also draw their experiences from accepted methods developed through systematic evidence-based knowledge from extensive research designed for both specific and general practices (Ramsay 2003). Theoretical frameworks form the basis of their evaluation of human behaviors, development and social systems and enable them to resolve the problems inherent therein. Social Work Theories Social work theories have their roots from the need to develop a disciplined approach to social work. By adopting common principles, social professionals were able to focus on the social goals. Charles Loch developed this conceptual framework during the early 20th century. Later social work scholars took up his seminal work. During the 21st century, renowned Harriet Bartlett (Bartlett 1970) had taken up and continued to develop professional frameworks for social work to â€Å"articulate words, terms, concepts to represent the important facets and components of the professions practices as a whole.† As more and more formalized ideas, theories and disciplines formed, social work has come to be acknowledged as an independent discipline with subset knowledge and systems for dealing with problems of the society. Bartlett (1970) also further reiterated the three key concepts person, interaction and environment as the basis for social work practices. Any theory developed with the v iew to examine, evaluate and resolve social issues must be based on these three key concepts. Given the above background on the development of social work theories, the researcher now shall discuss theories of particular interests, which are the theories of problem solving and psychoanalytic. In the following discussion, the researcher shall trace the theories in its historical context, values, concepts and fitness with the strengths approach. The strengths approach basically involves challenging the traditional problems-oriented way of working through training, expectations and work experience of professionals. The problems are then resolved through developing a collaborative framework based on examination of the professionals strengths and resources for positive growth and development (Morgan 2006; Wormer and Boes 1998). Problem-Solving Theory Social Work Treatment According to Duncker (1945): â€Å"A problem arises when a living creature has a goal but does not know how this goal is to be reached. Whenever one cannot go from the given situation to the desired situation simply by action, then there is recourse to thinking Such thinking has the task of devising some action which may mediate between the existing and the desired situations.† According to this definition, a problem arises when it is not clear to the individual what action(s) are to be taken to achieve some desired goals. The action to rectify this problem is known as problem-solving. Problem solving starts from a given situation where the problem or state of the situation requires additional knowledge to work towards its solution (Anderson 1980). Problem-solving theory has its developmental origin to Herbert Simon, Alan Newell and colleagues at Carnegie Mellon University during the 1980s (Patel 1991; Newell and Simon 1972). The general theoretical approach is that problem-solving theory is based on a given problem-solving situation. The second premise is that knowledge is a set of rules that specify actions to be performed in specific situations. The third premise is the distinction between weak and strong methods for resolving problems. Thus, an expert is expected to utilize the set of rules to find the solution for the given problem situation by using forward reasoning or observations. Alternatively, problem solving can involve using exhaustive knowledge base for deductive reasoning and assessing the validity of the hypothesis or goals against the facts given. This is a backward reasoning approach (Patel 1991). Newell-Simon theory of problem solving describes processes for developing expert systems in cognitive psychology, which forms the basis for other experiments in specific fields. Social work field In social work field, problem solving has its origin in the concept of social change developed by Helen Harris Perlman of the University Chicago (1957). In her work ‘Social Casework: A problem-solving process, the author views casework and problem solving synonymous which are based on constant elements, forces and processes. The constants form the reasoning framework for analyzing problems just as humans solve their daily problems. Learning is developed when individuals are involved in organizing, synthesizing and imagining the solutions of the problems (Perlman 1957). Perlmans theoretical framework is limited to the casework components such as the individual, problem, place, process, expert relationship and the resolution to the problem. The emphasis is more on the components rather than on the problem solutions itself and the scope of the solution is limited by the casework situation. Alternatively, Compton and Galaway (1979) also developed a problem-solving model for social work practice, which emphasizes on intervention and beyond processes. According to their theoretical framework, problem solving is connected with human relationships in a dynamic manner, which may involve partners, family members, friends or co-workers or group relationships such as race, ethnicity, gender or religion. Social works can resolve problems depending on the micro, mezzo or macro level practice they are involved in. Compton and Galaways (1979) problem-solving theory is based on two phases first the definition of the problem must be established for identification of intervention methods. The second phase involves intervention methods based on the problem context defined by human, societal and physical environment. Thus, Compton and Galaways (1979) problem-solving theory is based on human relationships with the environment and other individuals. The focus is on intervention rather th an on the problem itself. These investigations and conceptualization leads to the unified theory of problem-solving, which holds that experts process new information and integrate it into their existing knowledge base which helps them to recall and deal with situations rapidly through forward reasoning within limited time span and scope. There is little account for differences in complexities in domains and situations. For this reason, the problem-solving theory is only valid for responding to domains that are apparent through explicit patterns of results. From the social work practice, context problem-solving theory presents social worker as the expert and the source for intervention, and the individual with the problem as the client of the environment. The worker encounters problem situations within the work environment. To resolve, he/she refers to activities that co-workers or peers have undertaken on behalf of clients. Working with the client, the social worker analyzes, and identifies problem commonality to resolve it through group relations. Hence, problem solving in the social work practice means participation and direct involvement of the client with the worker (Sheppard 1991). Intervention method Another underlying element of the problem-solving theory is the intervention method. Unlike early perception of social workers, the value of work is not gauged by the duration of its intervention. Instead, it is gauged by the significance of the knowledge base used to analyze the problems to develop solutions. Therefore, intervention is further defined by the relationships of interaction among individuals involved in the problem. The social worker is the support element who is responsible for mediating between the environment and the person (Sheppard 1991). As an intervention method, problem-solving method is dynamic in the sense that it mediates problems by resolving on a case-by-case basis. Each individual problem in this theory is unique and is defined by the individual, relationship and context of the environment which makes it versatile in addressing numerous problem solutions. Furthermore, the option of forward and backward reasoning helps social workers to analyze and determine problem solutions from different perspectives depending on the nature of the problem. In the social work context, this is a valuable tool as it allows individuals to work on a case from the grassroots level, without having to eliminate vital facts and situations to achieve desired social goals. Furthermore, the researcher is of the view that problem-solving theory, though limited by the expertise and knowledge base developed by peers and colleagues, is flexible in allowing new avenues to be included in the problem-solving process. As workers work their way through resolving the problem, they discover new facts, and perhaps new solutions, which might be different from the initial premise that they have set for its solution. From a strengths perspective this implies that problem-solving methods add new resources; they enrich the experiences of the social workers by allowing them to explore new perspectives; and add value in developing new approaches for solving similar albeit unique problems. Psychoanalytic Theory The study of the unconscious was relatively schematic and meager before the advent of Sigmund Freud. For this reason, it could be said that Freud was the pioneer in psychoanalytic theory. Freud held that the human mind takes into account of transactions within the limits of the body. Unlike traditional belief that the human mind is shaped by culture, Freud believed that the depth and endurance of human personality is dependent on the social context in which an individual is born. A psychosomatic process is the traditional method by which physicians analyze symptoms of mental disorders within the pathological discourse. However, Freud holds that psychosomatic processes are limited, as he believes that individuals are influenced by elements that are outside the body that is the environment. To exemplify that, he writes of the influences of human association and its impact on the unconsciousness. It is only through observational procedures that the expert would extricate subtle and mul tiple ties of the personality with the other individuals and environmental elements. Observations of body language, as well as human acts in relation to sequences of interaction form the study of individuals within the context of the society (Ruitenbeek 1962). Freuds conceptual framework was based on the observation of the human consciousness and unconsciousness, and its relation with the basic nature of man. It lacked the social work context. His theory implies that man is exceedingly indulgent or deprived by his/her surroundings which give rise to a certain psychiatric state of mind. The Theory of Psychoanalytic Technique Menninger (1958), in his work ‘The Theory of Psychoanalytic Technique counteracts the practice of external influence by suggesting that individual behavior is a reflection of behaviors that occur during and after the events they are involved in. Menninger and Holzman (1973) differed from Freuds theory for psychoanalysis in the sense that they were of the view many individuals may demonstrate similar behavior without having any psychiatric problems. Therefore, psychoanalysis is not essentially about the physiological influence but rather associated with stimulus from interactions. The authors emphasize on new methods for observing and interpreting behavior in the context of culture and personality through structured research instruments. They believe that the psychoanalytic approach has particular associations with socialization sequences that lead to individual relationships with the environment, culture and personality. This implies that psychoanalysis approaches emphasize on the role of the professional engaged in the observation of individual behaviors and interpretation of the same. The skills used to deduce valuable information about the personality is derived from daily life processes. Likewise, an intervention is inherent in the behaviors and actions of the individual under study. Alternatively, works by Roy Schafer (1976) and Irwin Hoffman (1983) have entirely altered the conceptual framework of psychoanalysis theory and practice. They emphasize on the reality of social construct and its impact on both the individual and the professional. They present the view that solutions for problems in psychoanalytic are dependent on the cultural life at large. It is based on objective knowledge derived from social agreements and human actions are the narrative of the acts. Therefore, psychoanalysis is the study of the language of the human acts and interpretation of the same to represent possible accounts of the past or present life of the individual. Transactions between the analyst and the patient are constructed by subject experience, human agency, and fragments of individuation/separation etc. Thus, For Schafer, (1) psychoanalysis is concerned in a primary fashion with language and its equivalents; (2) subjective experience, objective reality, and selves are all con structions brought to life in language; (3) these present-day tellings could be told in other terms and do not represent real world events; (4) unitary selves are displaced by the notion that we tell useful stories about multiple selves in order to conduct our affairs; and (5) cure accompanies changes in discourse. qt. Leary 1994). Similarly, Hoffman believes that human beings, whether professional or individuals, requiring intervention live worlds within worlds to make social interaction highly ambiguous. Observation of individual behaviors cannot construct individual social environment alone. Individual experiences must be taken into account to understand the influences of elements surrounding them. Intervention follows the paradigm of change and analysis of the participants because he believes individuals are incapable of understanding their own dilemma. These later conceptual frameworks of the psychoanalytic theory not only pose challenges for social work practices but also offer new dimensions for analyzing complex individual social problems. The role of the social worker in the psychoanalytic context is separate from the individual and the environment, as he/she has to observe objectively to interpret individual behaviors in the psychiatric context as well as in the context of the environment in which the individual inhabit. Thus, the professional is segregated and does not really participate in the problems faced by the individuals. This tends to dissociate the analyst from the individual, which at times hinders problem resolution. However, objective observations in psychoanalysis enable the social work professional to emphasize on interventions methods. Since interventions are not set in paradigms or experiments or processes from knowledge base, the social worker has more leeway in developing creative interventions that meet des ired social goals at the individual and from the broader societal contexts. At the same time, there are certain limitations to the theory of psychoanalytic. There is too much emphasis of the individual and less focus of intervention for the broad social context. As individuals live in the society interact, transact and have relationships with other entities within the environment it is natural to assume that any problems or issues that they face should be resolved in the context of the community they live in. It is not natural to assume that the problem is inherent within the environment and the intervention method should be for the individual only. From this perspective, the psychoanalytic theory is limited. Therefore, the psychoanalytic approach does not really fit the strengths approach, which basically emphasizes on resource development. Although psychoanalysis emphasizes on problem resolutions, this is limited to the issues faced by individuals not from a communal or global context. There is little scope for adding value to interventions in the social work practice as it represents the realities of the individuals. Therefore, world events, social change and communal issues become secondary to the analyst who adopts this approach. Compare and Contrast At the beginning of the discussion, the researcher emphasizes on the importance of the key components in social work i.e. person, interaction and the environment. These key components, as one observes over the course of the evaluation of the theories of problem-solving and psychoanalytic, play integral roles in synergizing the conceptual framework for social work and professional practices. In this context, if any one component were missing from the theoretical framework, it would destabilize its validity and usefulness to the profession. Theoretical fit with the social work professional focus From the discussion, the researcher observes that the problem-solving theory, as compared to the psychoanalytic theory, has more dimensions to the mission of social work. The nature of forward and backward reasoning enables social work professionals to trace the problem from multiple layers of contexts such as culture, race, gender, ethnicity and religion, to extricate the inherent issues prevalent within the individual, a community or a society. In doing so, it encompasses broader social perspectives and addresses problems such as poverty, cultural diversity, discrimination, gender bias or social injustice. Thus, the problem-solving theory serves the purpose of problem identification and eventually leads to its intervention as well, even though the problem-solving theorists have not emphasized as such. Interventions, according to the theory, stem from set rules and the knowledge base that professionals can acquire through experience and expertise. On the other hand, the psychoanalytic approach adopts similar processes for problem identification within the individual and in the social context but does not really view the problem as a social problem. The components of person, interaction and environment are not synergistic but rather segregated from each other. This makes finding interventions difficult as the social work professional would have to differentiate the person, relationship and the environment, before individual resolutions can be devised. This is because the psychoanalytic approach mandates objective observations and following set processes, which does not allow social workers to view the problem from different dimensions which are inherent in the social work mission. Therefore, psychoanalytic theory mostly identifies problems within the society from micro perspectives, thereby, limiting the scope of intervention. Unlike the problem-solving theory, the psychoanalytic theory integrates social problems like poverty, cultural diversity, discrimination, gender biases and social injustice into the social environment and explains its influence on the individual. Sometimes, these factors may or may not be the culprit for individual problems but, in fact, the problem stems from within the unconscious. Thus, the abstract nature of the psychoanalytic theory makes it difficult to devise interventions realistically that are practical in the social work field. Progress on the part of the client and ethical concerns As a social work professional, one is responsible for the progress of the client. The problems or issues my client faces may be from the micro, mezzo and macro environment and therefore require different approaches towards interventions. Therefore, I would reserve the psychoanalytic approach for micro interventions so that I would be able to analyze the psychological as well as physiological dilemmas, and ultimately devise interventions that address the root problem. On the other hand, if the nature of the problem that my client is experiencing stems from the outset and requires a broad perspective in evaluation, then I would adopt the problem-solving approach to address the problem, first from the macro level then narrow it down to the micro level and resolve it accordingly. The approaches differ because, as a social work practitioner, I need to have flexible tools to evaluate the progress of my client. This can only be possible if I use a combination of theories and approaches to o ffer me flexibility as well as dynamism in my work. The only ethical concern I have regarding the application of these theories would perhaps be the scope and limitations each poses for social work practice. The problem-solving theory, as discussed earlier, emphasizes too much on the processes, which at times may result in compromised interventions. On the other hand, the psychoanalytic approach is too narrow and limited in its scope in addressing individual perspectives and tends to neglect the broader scenario. In resolving individual problems, perhaps I would neglect to incorporate the bigger picture and, thereby, inadvertently harm the society instead of benefiting it as a whole through my social work practice. Conclusion Despite the above reservations, the researcher is of the view that each of the theories has its own merit and application in intended practice. It is difficult to choose one over the other, as social work professionals realize no social issues or problem congruent with the other. Each problem is unique and requires unique resolutions. Since human beings are dynamic, their problems are dynamic too, requiring diversity in resolutions and intervention methods. Yet, from a broader perspective, the researcher would prefer the problem-solving approach over the psychoanalytic as it would more commonly be used in every day practice for the interventions of common problems. Such problems require a knowledge base to be developed from set rules and experiments, and require less time for interventions. On the other hand, for complex problems the researcher would prefer to use the psychoanalytic approach for individual objective observation and interventions. References Definition of Social Work Profession International Federation of Social Workers general meeting in Montrà ©al, Canada, July 2000, and endorsed by the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2001 in Ramsay, R. F. (2003). Transforming the Working Definition of Social Work Into the 21st Century. Research on Social Work Practice, Vol. 13 No. 3, pp. 324-338 Bartlett, H. M. (1970). The Common Base of Social Work. New York: National Association of Social Workers. Compton B. Galaway, B. (1979). Social Casework A Problem-Solving Process. revised edn. Homewood, IL: The Dorsey Press. Fine, R. (1979). The History of Psychoanalysis. Columbia University Press. Leary, K. (1994). Psychoanalytic Problems And Postmodern Solutions. Psychoanalytic Quarterly. Volume: 63. Issue: 3. pp. 447. Menninger, K and Holzman, P. S. (1973). Theory of Psychoanalytic Technique. Basic Books. Menninger, K.S. (1958). The Theory of Psychoanalytic Technique. New York: Basic Books. Morgan, S. (Accessed 15-10-2006). A Strengths Approach Practicebasedevidence.com, Online accessed from: http://www.practicebasedevidence.com/strengths.htm Newell, A., Simon, H. A. (1972). Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:PrenticeHall. Patel, V. (1991). A view from medicine. In Toward a Unified Theory of Problem Solving: Views from the Content Domains. by Mike U. Smith (ed). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: Hillsdale, NJ. pp. 35. Perlman, H. (1957). Social Work Process Social Casework: A Problem-Solving Process. The University of Chicago Press. Ruitenbeek, H. M. (1962). Psychoanalysis and Social Science. Dutton, New York. pp. 16. Sheafor, B. W., Horejsi, C.R. Horejsi, G.A. (2005). Techniques Guidelines for Social Work Practice. Allyn Bacon. Sheppard, M. (1991). Mental Health Work in the Community: Theory and Practice in Social Work and Community Psychiatric Nursing. Falmer Press pp. 32. Wormer, K. and Boes, M. (1998). Social Work, Corrections, and the Strengths Approach. Paper presented at the Canadian Association of Social Workers National Social Work Conference, June 20 24, 1998 Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Managing a Culturally Diverse Workforce Essay -- Business Management

In today’s ever changing and highly integrated world, corporations have a growing need to hire and maintain an exceedingly diverse and multicultural workforce. With increasing globalization, multinational corporations have a great advantage as they have an opportunity to work in different cultures and take advantage of a diverse pool of skills. However, there is a major cost of working in a different culture. Various issues arise when managing a culturally diverse workforce and the management needs to tackle the problems effectively. It is important to have an idea of different cultures as it helps in improving the efficiency and productivity of the employees. However, there are many issues when we are conducting cross-cultural analysis. These issues arise because of our lack of understanding of other cultures and at times, we are ignorant about our own culture. This can result in confusion about other cultures and we fail to understand that completely. This is a very serious issue that needs to be identified and resolved, as it is results in serious distortions about the cultures we are trying to understand. The paper will highlight various theoretical and practical cross-cultural management issues and will include various recommendations to solve these problems. CROSS-CULTURAL MANAGEMENT ISSUES The term culture is versatile and can be explained as a broad idea or concept. It is difficult to explain the term with a single definition, however, It can be defined as a set of values which define a way of life for the individuals and the society. It explains what is good or bad and right or wrong in a particular society. Thus, culture is a value system, which provides the ways of perceiving people, thinking patterns and the socia... ...ndations, which are helpful in solving these issues. Though sophisticated stereotyping and schemas are a helpful tool in understanding a culture but they are not sufficient. We need certain advanced tools to understand a culture completely. One of the most essential elements is attributional knowledge along with factual and conceptual understanding. This simply means that one should have an understanding to give credit when credit is due i.e. a person should have a clear understanding that any characteristic can be applied to anyone in a particular situation. This can be done through practice and by using a step by step model of cultural understanding. A detailed description of the Cultural Sense Making Model has been provided. By having a thorough understanding of our own culture and by considering context, we can have a better understanding of a different culture.

Periodic Table Research Paper

Aaron Wong History and Development of the Periodic Table Period 11 The most basic arrangement of the periodic table was in 1649. By this time, many elements have been known but the first scientific discovery of an element was in 1649. Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus, the first element discovered through scientific inquiry. He attempted to create a  Philosopher’s Stone which was supposedly able to turn metals into pure gold. During his experiment, he heated residues from boiled urine, and a liquid dropped out and turned into flames. This was the first discovery of phosphorus.During the next 200 years were when chemists started to recognize patterns in properties of elements and gained much knowledge about the properties and compounds of them. In the late 1700s, the first extensive list of elements was created. It was created by Antoine Lavoisier, a French chemist. The first list contained 33 elements and was distinguished between metals and non-metals, dividing the few kno wn elements into four classes. He devised a naming system for the discovery of new elements. Additionally, Antoine Lavoisier was the first chemist to define an element as a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means.His findings greatly contributed and impacted many chemists and their ideas on elements. It helped them start to categorize and understand the elements more thoroughly. In 1803, John Dalton developed an atomic theory based off the fact that elements were combined with each other according to different ratios by weight. As a part of his theory, Dalton built a scale of atomic weight based on the hydrogen atom. John Dalton calculated the first relative weights of atoms and compounds. In 1808, he published a list of elements along with their atomic weights.Around 1810 to 1830, Jons Jakob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, developed a table of atomic weights that contained all of the elements known to that date. He also introduced and incorporated letters to symbolize elements. These letters abbreviated the elements based off their Latin names. Before this, symbols from the early Greeks and alchemists were used to symbolize elements. Berzelius became most famous for this series of experiments that demonstrated the fact that the elements in substances are held together in definite proportions by weight. This became known as the law of constant proportions.Through these experiments, Berzelius was also able to discover many new elements such as cerium, selenium, thorium and many more. With all of these elements, he determined the atomic weights of almost all of them and created his own table of atomic weights. In the table, he used oxygen as a standard of weight and set its weight equal to exactly 100. During the 1820s, Johann Dobereiner, a German chemist, discovered the existence of families of elements with similar chemical properties. He grouped these elements in triads, group of threes. The appearance and reactions of the elements in a triad wer e similar to each other.He first found that Strontium had about the average properties of Calcium and Barium, and grouped these three together accordingly. Not only did Dobereiner find chemical patterns of the elements in the triad, but also physical patterns. He stated that the atomic mass of the middle element of the triad was almost equal to the average atomic mass of the first and third element. Furthermore, Johann went on and tested if the other properties of these triads were similar, such as their specific gravity and affinity, and they were. He ended up discovering two other triads.The halogen triad of chlorine, bromine and iodine and the alkali metal triad of lithium, sodium, and potassium. His discovery of the triads gave other scientists a clue that relative atomic masses were important when arranging the elements. In 1862, a French geologist, A. E. Beguyer de Chancourtois, published the first geometric representation of the elements. He drew a list of the elements on a c ylinder arranged by atomic weight. There was a continuous spiral around the cylinder and it was separated into 16 parts. Chancourtois ordered the elements by increasing atomic weight and with similar elements lined up vertically.He wrote the atomic weights on the surface of the cylinder with a circumference of 16 units, which was the approximate atomic weight of  oxygen. The resulting helical curve brought similar elements onto corresponding points above or below one another on the cylinder. From this he proposed that â€Å"the properties of the elements are the properties of numbers. †Ã‚  He was the first scientist to see elements when they were arranged in order of their atomic weights. He saw that the similar elements occurred at regular atomic weight intervals. This was the first geometric representation of the periodic law.His diagram contained ions and compounds as well so it was not a correct representation of the elements. In 1863, John Newlands, an English chemist, classified the 56 known elements into 11 groups based on similar properties. He arranged all the elements into a table in order of relative atomic mass. Newlands noticed that any element’s chemical properties were similar to the eight element following it in the table. This was known as the Law of Octaves. 1869 lothar meyer, Dmitri Mendeleev 1895 lord Rayleigh 1898 william ramsey 1911 ernest Rutherford 1938 henry Moseley 1940 glenn seaborg

Patriotism- john brown, carrie nation, sam adams essays

Patriotism- john brown, carrie nation, sam adams essays A true patriot is far greater than many of the people who use the term to describe themselves as such. Patriot is a term that should not be taken lightly, nor given to someone easily. A true patriot has earned his title. He has wisdom that others may not. A patriot must be willing to defend his country and sacrifice his life for it. A patriot is not an individualist. A patriot is concerned with the good of the whole, the good of the entire country. A patriot supports the elected authority and has respect for them and their decisions, although he may have his own opinions. A patriot should pay attention to leaders and their decisions, searching for imperfections that may lead to corruption and fight to stop those imperfections. A patriot must not rebel violently against the leader, but fight lawfully, making himself and his opinion known on the certain issue/s that he wants to be changed. He must know it is possible to stand behind his leader, while challenging his actions and finding the appropriate way to do so. A patriot seeks for the best interest of the country and upholds its standards, preserving the good name of his country that others have worked so hard to create. A patriot realizes that people in Germany or France are just as significant as Americans and have a respect for human life everywhere. A patriot should respect the land, and keep it safe, in no way soiling its grounds. A patriot should keep true the words of Hamilton Fish; If a country is worth dying for in time of war, let us resolve that it is truly worth living for in time of peace. A Patriot should respect his fellow countrymen, never inflicting upon them hurt, suffering or wrong-doing. A patriot knows that his country is not superior just because he was born into it. A true patriot must be an ally to all humans, going against the words of Voltaire. ...to be a good patriot one must become the enemy of the rest of mankind. A patr...

Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Research Paper Example

Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Research Paper Example Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Paper Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Paper Name: Lecturer: Course: Date: Symbolism in the short story girl by Jamaica Kincaid Symbolism is one of the stylistic devices incorporated in literary works. This involves the use of real objects to represent abstract ideas. Symbols in literary works materialize in a variety of ways and can be interpreted into ideas universal in nature than the physical aspect of the object used. In the short story, ‘Girl’, Jamaica Kincaid utilizes the use of symbolism by incorporating tangible items such as the trunk, marbles and Benna, which is effective, in my opinion as it serves the purpose of evoking the reader to consider their significance and creating comprehension of the prevailing human conditions. One of the stylistic devices used in the short story â€Å"girl†, by Jamaica Kincaid, is symbolism. The short story depicts various objects that have been given deeper meaning. One is the trunk belonging to Annie’s mother (Schilb, 55). This object is used by the author to represent the self. When Annie was a young girl, one of her most interesting activities involved perusing through the mother’s trunk. Later on, we find her defining her own self by using the various objects that she found in the trunk. At a tender age, Annie would share the mother’s trunk without limits since the trunk and her very own self were the same (Schilb, 56). The narrative details the mother’s trunk to having come from Dominica. This meant that the trunk seemed to contain the entire family’s history. Later on, when Annie decides to have her personal trunk, this trunk will take the resemblance of her self just like the one that belonged to her mother. This new trunk now symbolizes her new realization of self as it goes to the extent of bearing a label that reads, â€Å"My name is Annie John. The use of trunk to symbolize personality is highly thoughtful. In daily lives, trunks are normally used to putting old personal effects. With this regard, going through a person’s trunk leads to one revealing a lot of history, and hence reveals one’s personality. Another form of symbolism is identified in the Marbles. The initial marbles given to Annie are from her mother after she recovers them from a package of oats. The two marbles are different in color with one being white with blue while the other being white with yellowish brown. Annie takes the blue marble to be symbolic of the ocean and the brown marble to be representative of the landmasses of the earth. Later on, Annie obtains some new marble that symbolize the new world that Annie is attempting to fashion for herself (Kincaid, 56). After receiving the new set of marbles, Annie decides to devote herself to marbles. By this, she gets to win marbles from all the people and collects a sizeable stash. The development of Annie’s marble career goes in hand with shifting in her world as she now spends quality time with the red girl. The red girl is symbolic to the non-socialized order. As Annie plays with the marbles, she gets to see beyond what both her mother and teachers have been teaching her. She now gets to see the original restrictive worldview. There is an instance where we see Annie’s mother furiously searching for her marbles. The real item she is seeking is not the physical marbles but the new world that these marbles have opened up Annie to. The mother is opposed to this new world, as it tends to defy the new social program. Marbles take the shape of crystal balls used by seers in foretelling hidden details. The author is therefore in place when he uses marbles to illustrate how the â€Å"gir l† has attained a new worldview. Milton’s paradise lost is a narrative that â€Å"girl is compelled to take notes as punishment for allegedly blaspheming Christopher Columbus in her history book. The title of the book â€Å"Paradise Lost† is apt. The story narrated in the book is about the fall of Lucifer. The book narrates how Lucifer was plunged into darkness and exile as punishment for challenging God. The problems facing Annie could be identical to the predicament Lucifer was in at the time. Annie is facing a predicament for challenging the authority of her mother and by association of the colonial order although she fears the punishment of being thrown into exile. The title of the book is also symbolic of the predicament that could befall Annie for apparently challenging the colonial authority that deemed it fit in terming Columbus a hero. The idea of exile is representative of Annie’s fear of being left all alone. The title, â€Å"A Lost Paradise†, is apt for Antigua. It is an isla nd with the scenery resembling that of a paradise. It was however transformed into a virtual hell through the settling of the Europeans who introduced slavery in the land. In the short story, the author uses the word Benna to symbolize sexuality. Benna are Antiguan folk songs that are used to symbolize sexuality. Annie’s mother fears that Annie has come across too much knowledge on sexuality for her age. In the native Antiguan culture, the natives used to sing Bennas as a means of passing on scandalous rumors and gossips surreptitiously without the knowledge of the colonialists. Her naivety led her to singing the Benna in church, â€Å"don’t sing Benna in Sunday school; you mustn’t speak to wharf-rat†. The act of singing Benna during Sunday school classes was an act of utter sin and disobedience (Saxton, 45). The Benna contained outlawed information that could not be uttered in public. Making such utterances in a church setting was both disobedience and sinful. Annie was too young to comprehend the relationship between Benna and sexuality as the older people like her mother did, however, the manner in which she protested indicates that she was aware of the seductive meaning behind the Benna, its mystique and its forbidden aspects. The fact that Annie is too adamant and near desperate denials raise the idea that she could have already sung the Benna and worst still, during Sunday school classes with some of her friends. This is an indication that Annie has developed an interest in the opposite sex in addition to a mounting exasperation with the mother’s guidance and incursion into her personal life (Saxton, 45). Food is another object used the short story to symbolize the mother’s belief on the importance of domesticity. There are numerous occasions where the mother emphasizes on food. The knowledge of preparing pumpkin fritters, tea, bread pudding, doukona, and pepper are highly essential as they form a link between the womenfolk and the families. The skills and art behind food preparation act as great legacies of mothers passed down to new generations through their daughters. Some of the foods such as doukona and pepper pot act as objects of placing the story Antigua and the Caribbean. These foods are mentioned by the author to indicate the setting of the story to the reader, instead of using unnecessary descriptions. Clothing in the story is used to indicate the level of respectability. Clothes are closely associated with proper housekeeping in indicating a woman’s character. Annie’s mother emphasizes on the clothing aspects since proper clothing reflects an individual’s character and personality, whereas shabbiness reflected the level of laziness and poverty present in an individual. The activities involved in clothing preparation that include Washing, sewing, and ironing are used as forms of protecting the status held by women in addition to defending the women’s productivity and self-worth (Milne, 45). The neatness and appearance of a woman’s cloth is a reflection of her sexual respectability and morality. The use of clothing in displaying good organization skills and well grooming in women were indications of her competence and control. In addition, these women could never be suspected of having outlawed relationships with other men. Annie’s mother therefore puts a lot of emphasis on the importance of dressing and appearance since she does not want the daughter to fall victim of ridicule and disrespect. Her fears are constantly reflected by the many times she cautions her child from being a â€Å"slut† (Milne, 45). In conclusion, we find that the author has utilized symbolism in the short story, girl. Symbolism in the story takes the form of concrete objects, actions, characters and figures of speech to take on abstract ideas. Concrete objects such as Annie’s trunk are used by the author to represent universal meanings such as Annie’s self. The act of clothing oneself is taken to represent the moral standards of a person especially for the womenfolk in the narrative. The most challenging symbol used in the narrative is the Benna. This is because one requires background knowledge to be acquainted with why the Benna was highly constrained from being used in the church. Kincaid, Jamaica. Girl. San Francisco: San Francisco Examiner, 1991. Print. Milne, Ira M. Short Stories for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Short Stories. Detroit: Gale Group, 2000. Print. Saxton, Ruth. The Girl: Constructions of the Girl in Contemporary Fiction by Women. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998. Print. Schilb, John. Making Literature Matter: An Anthology for Readers and Writers. S. l.: Bedford St Martins, 2011. Print.

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